Russia is preparing 100,000 troops for a possible new offensive in Ukraine this summer or to replenish depleted units, according to the commander of Ukraine’s ground forces, Lieutenant-General Oleksandr Pavliuk. This statement was made following recent advances by Russian troops in eastern Ukraine, more than two years after Moscow’s full-scale invasion. The Kremlin has shifted its rhetoric, now stating it regards itself as at war due to Western intervention on Ukraine’s side, moving beyond its previous “special military operation” language. Russia plans to enhance its military capabilities by adding two new armies and 30 new formations by the end of the year. Ukraine is currently facing an ammunition shortage, with a reported disadvantage of seven to one against Russia in terms of ammunition availability, although efforts are underway to reduce this gap, including a Czech-led initiative to source artillery shells.